The terms, precisely
| Term | What it means |
|---|---|
| Recyclable | Can be reprocessed in existing streams (for paper: repulpable). Needs no plastic/PFAS layer that blocks recycling. |
| Compostable | Breaks down into CO₂, water and biomass under defined composting conditions, within a set time, with no toxic residue. Must be certified (EN13432 / ASTM D6400). |
| Biodegradable | Breaks down by microbes — but without a standard/timeframe it's a weak, scrutinised claim. Prefer "compostable (certified)". |
| Plastic-free / PFAS-free | Contains no plastic / no fluorochemicals. Often a prerequisite for the above. |
The certifications that back "compostable"
- EN 13432 (EU) — the industrial compostability standard; ≥90% biodegradation within 180 days, plus disintegration, ecotoxicity and heavy-metal limits.
- OK Compost (TÜV Austria) — certification to EN13432 (Industrial) and a separate HOME version.
- ASTM D6400 / BPI (North America) — the US equivalent and certification mark.
The 180-day biodegradation test is why compostability certification takes 6–12 months. Plan early. (Plastic-containing coatings generally cannot pass it — which is why fully bio-based matters.)
Which claim should you target?
A quick decision guide
- EU market / PPWR: aim for compostable (EN13432) and/or recyclable, depending on the format.
- US foodservice / PFAS: the must-have is PFAS-free; compostable (BPI) is a strong plus.
- Brand pledge: match the exact wording of the pledge (recyclable vs compostable).
- Don't over-claim: only state what you can certify — regulators are cracking down on greenwashing.
Why "fully bio-based" is the deciding factor
Many "high-barrier sustainable" films are composites with a plastic layer. They may be marketed as recyclable-ish, but they cannot earn compostability certification, and they carry plastic-tax and PPWR exposure. A fully bio-based barrier (e.g. nanocellulose) is what lets you make the stronger compostable claim — provided you have the certification. See nanocellulose barrier coatings explained.
Need a certifiable compostable barrier?
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Frequently asked questions
What's the difference between compostable and recyclable packaging?
Recyclable means it can be reprocessed in existing streams (for paper, repulped). Compostable means it breaks down into CO₂, water and biomass under defined composting conditions within a set time, with no toxic residue — and must be certified (EN13432 / ASTM D6400).
Why does compostability certification take so long?
The core biodegradation test requires ≥90% breakdown within 180 days, so the full certification typically takes 6–12 months. Start early.
Can a high-barrier film be compostable?
Yes, if it is fully bio-based (no plastic layer). Composite films with a plastic layer generally cannot pass compostability certification. Fully bio-based nanocellulose barriers can target the compostable route.
※ General information on packaging sustainability claims. ZnoNova Biopack claims (compostable / PFAS-free / plastic-free) are supported by testing and certification that is available or in progress — confirm current status before making on-pack claims, and comply with local rules on environmental marketing.